Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Paired Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay This investigation depends on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) tweak/demodulation method. The point of the test is to pick up nature with the segments of a straightforward information transmission framework, gain experience utilizing an exploratory correspondence framework and contemplating its presentation affected by background noise additionally, to contrast trial results and hypothetical findings. Bandpass balance, of which BPSK is a sort, is a procedure whereby, a sinusoid ordinarily called a transporter wave, is regulated or have its attributes changed by a computerized beat baseband signal in other to empower remote based transmission. In BPSK adjustment, the period of the transporter waveform is moved to either 0⠰ or 180⠰ by the regulating information signal. To successfully display the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is utilized which adds the impact of clamor to the sign at the beneficiary in other to appropriately portray what gets in genuine frameworks. SNR estimations are taken after the commotion is included before the recipient and consequences of each phase of the analysis are introduced. 2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The outcomes got from the investigation and brief conversations are currently introduced. 2.1 The recurrence of the waveform was estimated to be 1.493kHz 2.2 The abundancy of the waveform was estimated to be 3.608V 2.3 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmp Fig. 1: Square Waveform from NE555 clock circuit. The clock circuit creates a succession of ones and zeros which along with the resistors and capacitor, delivers a square waveform. It very well may be seen that the square top and base are not entirely straight but rather with swells, this is because of the reverberation impact introduced by the capacitor. Additionally, the rising example of the top is because of the voltage rise time in the capacitor. 2.4 The recurrence of the message grouping is estimated to be 374Hz 2.5 C:Documents and Set tingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmp Fig. 2: Message succession at the yield of the recurrence divider. The SN74LS74 incorporated circuit executes a second request recurrence divider, 2n (n=2). Henceforth the recurrence of the clock circuit is separated by four. Thus, this is additionally apparent in the recurrence of the message arrangement in 2.4 above. 2.6 The cut-off recurrence of the second request Butterworth low cruise channel is given by; The cut-off recurrence is the recurrence at which the size of the exchange work drops to 0.7071 of its greatest worth which speaks to where the force in the circuit is 3dB not exactly the most extreme worth. 2.7 The recurrence of the sinusoid at the yield of the channel was estimated to be 1.328kHz. 2.8 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpg Fig. 3: Output of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A B A †Output of first channel; B †Output o f second channel The Butterworth lowpass channel is utilized to produce the sinusoidal bearer required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth channel has a delicate move off, has no wave in the pass or stop band thus, it has a monotonic reaction. To expand the perfection of the sinusoid, we utilize two of such channels in arrangement.

Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers Preferences

Conceptual This paper addresses the inquiries regarding ramifications of free news on print media with an exertion of considering readers’ inclinations, which are additionally a reason for rise of free papers. The Effect of electronic media and accessibility of online news on print media and to what degree that will be a reason for the development of free papers discovers place in survey and examination in the research.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The various kinds of free papers and their impact on standard papers and the integral idea of the free papers will be analyzed to separate the readers’ inclinations about standard papers and free news. The viewpoints other than online accessibility of news and the free papers going about as guides or advertising operators for online franchisees are checked on and dissected to choose the nature and degree of impact on standard papers. In general the readers’ inclinations are considered alongside the impact of free papers on prevailing press and the division between perusers of standard papers and free papers and the individuals who read them two. Presentation The point of the paper is to discover the effect of free news and perusers inclinations for the papers which offer it. To have enough comprehension about the subject and to think about the perusers inclinations, the accompanying exploration addresses will be replied in the thesis. Connection to past research The connection to past research discovers place in the paper through addressing the accompanying inquiries and the writing audit that surveys the conclusions and consequences of the past explores on the subject and the related themes. To characterize and recognize ramifications of free news in Print Media. Why the papers that offer free news are concentrating on specific segments of perusers? Do the free papers offer rivalry to conventional or standard papers or simply go along with them? On the off chance that they are doing as such, how it occurs? f. On the off chance that they don’t the explanation. Is there any connection between readers’ inclination with the expectation of complimentary papers and more refreshed news? Shut End Questions Do you lean toward free Newspaper? Truly No Is the substance of free papers is all encompassing or they vary from standard papers? Indeed No Is your primary expectation to peruse free paper is to know the news? Indeed No If Yes for the above inquiry, do you discover the news in free papers and its introduction just as investigation is at standard with standard papers? Indeed No If No for the inquiry number three, what makes you read the free paper? Advertising b. Way of life stories c. to relax in venturing out to think about new items you are keen on e. nothing unless there are other options Literature Review The writing audit of the exposition clarifies what free news is and refers to the circumstances that incited the rise of free papers. The accessibility of news for nothing because of changes in innovation can be referred to as ‘free news’ as the perusers may discover the news online for nothing while at the same time browsing.Advertising Looking for article on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This brought about a circumstance that provoked a few organizations in print media to offer free papers, which is named as greatest danger to organizations in print media as far as benefit and incomes. In the end the organizations in paper industry discovered numerous dangers and dangers engaged with dealing with an organization and to discharge a paper. In any case, the reaction of these organizations to readers’ inclinations brings about a danger or an open door for their business to remain sustained.1 A vailability of News on Internet Publishing is the movement that has been seriously influenced by the coming of web. The paper distributing has been still increasingly influenced because of the noteworthy changes suggested by computerized media in the area of news distributing. With respect to perspective, the examination of key factors that influence the inclinations of perusers in perusing computerized papers is fundamental. Subsequently while concentrating on inclinations of perusers and the presence of free papers just as their development; it is reasonable for center around ease of use of advanced papers and the decision of computerized dailies by perusers. To clarify these influences the accompanying content can help in understanding the pertinence of paper area on Internet. â€Å"The preferences of the new advanced media as far as both gracefully and request have acquired an upset current Journalism. The utilization of these new frameworks is portrayed by the speed in which n ews arrive at the peruser, the minimal effort of disseminating data, the likelihood to refresh news continually, and the chance to set up more straightforward contact and collaborate with clients, who have come to assume a significant job in the structure of journalistic offer.†(Flavian C., Gurrea R, 1). According to the above statement, Flavian C., Gurrea R., notice the colossal focal points of the new advanced media that have supported the administration of offering news in both subjective and quantitative terms. The writers opine this brought about multiplication of progressively, particular electronic diaries and brought about another correspondence media.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More in such manner, Flavian C., Gurrea R (2008, p. 1) refer to Nielson (2003) about news destinations and computerized papers, which are broadly requ ested by web clients around the world. Going an additional mile in such manner, the writers refer to Kaye and Johnson (2004), who certified that the fundamental point of getting to web by clients is to peruse breaking news and to look through the most refreshed data. Ad Revenue Just before inspecting the rise and food of free papers, it is important to make reference to the dangers to notice incomes looked by papers. Concerning incomes, the papers get them from an enhanced clients running from the individuals giving little close to home ads offering customer merchandise to the sponsors who give promotions about extravagance items, which are sold on a more extensive market when contrasted with the individuals giving little ads. The two sorts of incomes are significant in supporting the benefit of papers and losing any of them is a significant shock to the gainfulness. The danger to the commercial incomes isn't just from online news entryways yet in addition from sites like e-Bay, whi ch sell broadened items on the web and convey them at the doorstep of the clients. These kinds of sites and web based advertising organizations typically tie up with huge organizations just as little merchants and sell their items on the web. This mitigates the merchant from showroom use as well as the little publicist to be liberated from giving expensive promotions in papers. This sort of promoting of items brought about drop in commercial incomes and the report of Trinity Mirror in 2006 that its notice income has been dropped by 10 percent. Consequently, there should be a choice to adapt up to the harm done by sites and electronic media. The appearance of web likewise tested the restraining infrastructure of print media and the papers should battle with news entrances just as web based promoting sites to remain in the dim and to improve their publicizing revenues.2Advertising Searching for paper on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Getting to the heart of the matter of rise and food of free papers, the investigations and translations of strategies of governments by papers go to the fore as they can impact the perusers. The impact of the substance on the individuals matters here. The impact is because of communication of media with its crowd. The impact is likewise because of stream of data offered by a Newspaper to its perusers and the manner in which it is being introduced. As to impact of print media on individuals, Andrew King John Plunkett (2005) state as follows: â€Å"The French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 were completely seen as brought about by unchecked surges of print through the social body: stream of media into the lower classes was viewed as a significant problem.†(King Plunkett 35) In the contemporary time frame the need to enter (stream of media) into brings down classes or the objective classes brought about rise of free newspapers.3 In the period of multiplication of free news on web, the papers have no other route but to offer free news in print to counter the opposition from news gateways or different types of online news. In such manner New York Times expounded on a paper in Hong Kong ‘The Standard’, which is a multi year early English language day by day that joined the positions of free paper. In 2007, when this paper has been offered for nothing in Hong Kong, at first the merchants gave a print run of 1,20,000 duplicates by significantly increasing its last paid flow rush to beat its significant rival ‘The South China Morning Post’. For what it's worth for nothing, the principal day open snapped all the duplicates inside a couple of hours and the publishers’ reaction is that it is better than they anticipated. Just the endeavor of the administration to outflank its closest rival has been referenced here, however the demonstration of changing a print media paper into free paper is to contend with the Internet news entran ces and to hold their perusers who are moving from print to online media. Thus, the readers’ inclination for online news and media can be named as one of the causes that provoked some print media associations to turn free. In this perspective, it very well may be te

The Reality Principle According to Sigmund Freud

The Reality Principle According to Sigmund Freud Basics Print Reality Principle and Sigmund Freud Whats Stopping You From Inappropriate Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 10, 2020 Westend61/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Have you ever had a sudden urge to do something you knew wasnt appropriate for that situationâ€"maybe snatch an item of clothing from a store and walk out the door without paying for it? Did you follow through? Probably notâ€"but what stopped you? According to Sigmund Freud, who conceived of the  psychoanalytic theory  of personality, what he termed the reality principle prevented you from doing something that might have landed you in trouble. The Reality Principle at Work To understand the reality principle, its important to first have a grasp of how the two components of personality identified by Freud function. The id seeks instant gratification of needs, demands, and urges. If we acted according to what our id wanted, we might find ourselves grabbing food off of another persons plate just because it looks so delicious or getting too friendly with someone elses spouse when were feeling amorous. The id is ruled by the pleasure principleâ€"the idea that impulses need to be fulfilled immediately. The ego, on the other hand, is the component of personality that deals with the demands of reality. It makes sure that the desires of the id are satisfied in ways that are effective and appropriateâ€"in other words, the ego is ruled by the reality principle. The reality principle forces us to consider the risks, requirements, and possible outcomes as we make decisions by temporarily halting the discharge of the ids energy until a suitable time and place. In other words, the ego doesnt try to block an urge, but instead, it works to make certain the desires of the id are met in ways that are safe, realistic, and appropriate. For example, rather than snatching that slice of pizza, the ego will force you to wait until you can buy your own slice, a delay achieved through what is known as the secondary process. What Is the Secondary Process? Reining in Unsuitable Behavior As you might imagine, the reality principle and the pleasure principle are forever at odds. Because of the role the ego plays, its often referred to as having an executive or mediating role in personality. The ego constantly engages in what is known as reality testing; it must come up with realistic plans of action that can satisfy our needs. Freud  often compared the relationship of the id and the ego to that of a horse and rider: The horse represents the id, ruled by the pleasure principle and providing the energy to race to satisfy needs and desires. The ego is the rider, constantly tugging on the reins of the id in order to steer a person to act in ways that are acceptable and appropriate. The development of a healthy ego, one that leans on the reality principle to control impulses, delay gratification  of a desire until it can be met appropriately, and so forth, is an important part of psychological development and one of the hallmarks of a mature personality. Throughout childhood, kids learn how to control their urges and behave in ways that are socially appropriate. Researchers have found that children who are better at delaying gratification may have better-defined? egos because they tend to be more concerned with things such as social appropriateness and responsibility.

Benefits of Having a Car in College

There are seemingly a lot of benefits to having a car in college. After all, who wouldn’t want to have access to wheels whenever they choose? And while there are some important cons to consider, there are certainly several key pros as well. You Can Leave Campus If and When You Need a Break Whether it’s heading to a concert somewhere in town, going out to dinner with some friends, or even just being able to take someone on a date, having the ability to get away from campus whenever you wish is certainly a luxury. You Can Help Friends Out If your friends are moving, needing to transport something too big to fit on the bus, or just need a ride to the airport, having access to your own car allows you to help them if and when they ask. It can feel good to know you’re helping someone out in a pinch or even helping support a fun event for someone special, like a celebratory birthday night downtown. You Dont Have to Worry About Transportation Around the Holidays Getting home – even if it’s a day or two drive – can be done on your own terms. You won’t have to worry about expensive flights, delayed trains, long bus rides, or other transportation woes. You can more or less leave when you wish. Additionally, as the owner of the car, you can also coordinate something fun, like a road trip toward your hometown that lets you drop off friends in their hometowns along the way. You Can Plan Road Trips Speaking of road trips, you can provide transportation for some seriously memorable road trips over things like Presidents’ Weekend or Spring Break. Having access to and use of a car both ensures you’ll get to go and that you’ll have some say about the itinerary. You Can Get an Internship or Job Off Campus Without a car, of course, you can also work or have an internship off campus, but having your own transportation definitely makes the logistics easier. Having a car can therefore open some additional professional doors, whether it’s a part-time gig at a company you’d like to work for after you graduate or an internship at an interesting museum in town. You Can Save Money by Shopping Around True, having a car on campus might cost a bit extra, but you can also save money in other aspects of your college life. When you’re stuck on campus, you’re quite limited in terms of where you can buy items, like groceries or school-related supplies. With a car, however, you can make the long trip for items at discount clothing stores, cheaper food options (think: Costco or Walmart), and other less-expensive retailers. Sure, buying in the campus bookstore can be smart for several types of purchases, but overall you’re likely to find better deals elsewhere. You Can Be More Flexible With Your Family Needs ​If you often need to help out with a family business, help take care of an ill family member or provide childcare for your family, having a car can cut down on the time it takes for you to get back and forth. This simple time saver can therefore provide you with more time to focus on your studies instead of commuting back and forth. Overall, the choice of having a car with your during your time in school depends heavily on the specific factors relevant to your situation. As with most things during college, however, it’s best to make an informed, educated decision about which choice seems the smart way to go.

Rape Culture Controversy Essay - 896 Words

While there are many problems in the world, like poverty, famine, cancer, and an abundance of carbon emissions into the planet, there is one that has been in the back of my mind for quite some time: rape culture. This issue is vastly popular in the world of bloggers and social networking site, tumblr. It’s slowly progressing into an important issue that the public is acknowledging. Reviewing the issue’s historical, social, political, cultural and economic perspectives will entail rape culture’s controversy. Rape culture is an issue that has gained moment through the feminist movement within the last couple of decades. Rape itself has been around since the beginning of time and its definition has changed over the years. In the United†¦show more content†¦I have adapted to extreme circumstances and am told to treat it as baseline. I carry this fear close to my heart, rooted into my bones, and I do so to keep myself unharmed.2† Girls and women are taught that cat calls on the street are normal and to just brush it off. Women have to deal with rape culture every day. Women can’t be out and about at three in the morning in fear of being raped. When I went to Sear’s Driving School, the instructor told every single girl in the class to lock the doors as soon as we get in their car in case anyone tries to attack us or rapes us. Women are told to be mindful of what they’re wearing because if they are raped, someone is going to blame their outfit for being raped. Society has taught women that it’s normal to be seen as sex objects and nothing else. In the summer of 2013, â€Å"Blurred Lines† by Robin Thicke was playing in nearly every radio station. I have to admit that it’s a catchy tune and made me want to sing along. It’s when I started singing along that I felt disgusted. The song goes on to say â€Å"I know you want it† referring to sex. The song â€Å"B lurred Lines† focuses on the so called â€Å"blurred lines† that men face when being entitled to having sex with a girl. If rape culture didn’t exist, a song like this wouldn’t be so popular much less have ever been written. The U.S. government has done as much as it can to implementShow MoreRelatedWomen s Movement During The 1970 S1275 Words   |  6 Pagesbegan in the 1970’s or the 1990’s these decades both held its own on the matters of oppression and the exploitation of women. Rape culture as well as women’s clothing options were twisted into making these decades some of the most influential for women of all times. From the way women were dressed, to celebrities standing out, rape culture, or movements for women, controversy was created throughout these decades to put a dent in women’s history and truly impact women’s lives. 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Mcdonald’s franchisee Free Essays

McDonald’s Corporation is leading global foodservice retails with more than 30,000 local restaurants by serving 52 million people in more than 100 countries per day. Besides more than 70% of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. The corporation founded by Ray Kroc and it is continued with McDonald’s vision with global brand image. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonald’s franchisee or any similar topic only for you Order Now McDonald’s Corporation is the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurants supply and selling of like hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. It also offers salads, fruit, snack wraps and carrot sticks. The company suits American way of life. And it is globally expanded and has many international markets. The decision of McDonald’s franchises restaurants depends of the selection of candidates and the management in that country where the restaurant is located makes it locally. McDonald’s restaurant – it is an best opportunity to own the restaurant. While selecting the organization seeks the individuals who have business experience with capability of undertaking multiple business units. At present that company has more than 2400 Owner/Operators outlets thereby growing the business and making money. Two options available to have the Franchise with McDonald’s Corporation. Purchase of EXISTING RESTAURANT from McDonald’s Corporation or from a McDonald’s Owner/operator OR purchase of NEW RESTAURANT. Initial down payment is required to have franchise. 40% of the total cost is required for New Restaurant and 25% of total cost for existing restaurant required. The down payment can be accepted cash, securities, bonds, debentures, vested profit share etc. The total cost varies from restaurant to restaurant. However $250,000 non-borrowed personal resources required. The remaining balance should be payable by the buyer with a term of not more than seven years. During the term of franchise, the buyer has to pay the fees to the McDonald’s in the type of service fee i.e. 4% which is based on restaurant’s sales performance and Rent which is also based on monthly sales. Training also provided to the buyers between 9 to 24 months. McDonald’s give training to the franchisees and others at Hamburger University in Oak Brook, Illinois. It is also expected that average revenue per store is $633,000. .   Recently McDonald’s issued circular that the initial franchisee fee is $45,000. it is also estimated that the initial investment required for a traditional restaurant ranges from $730,750 to $1,549,000. UFOC In the United States, all Franchisee agreements fall under the jurisdiction of a state and federal laws. Hence Franchisers are required by the Federal Trade Commission to have a Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (UFOC). While going for franchise, ensure that it is complied with UFOC i.e. Uniform Franchise Offering Circular. It is a legal document and necessarily to be used in the United States. The Franchisers must give a UFOC to franchisees at least 10 business days before any contract is signed and before any money transaction between each other. The documents contains every information about a franchiser and includes the following: 1.The Franchiser, its Predecessors and Affiliates 2.Identity and Business Experience of Key persons 3. Litigation history 4. Bankruptcy 5. Initial Franchise Fee 6. Other Fees and Expenses 7. Franchisee’s initial investment 8. Restrictions on sources of products and services 9. Obligations of the Franchiser 10. Territory 11.Trademarks 12.Patents and Copyrights 13.Obligation to the Franchisee to participate in the actual operation of the financial business 14. Restrictions on goods and services offered by the franchisee. 15.Renewal, Termination, Repurchase, Modification and/transfer of the franchise agreement 16. Public figures 17. Earnings claims 18.List of Franchise outlets 19.Financial statements 20. Contracts CONCLUSION McDonald’s allows giving the franchises to the US applicants and well as non-U.S. applicants who are outside of the U.S. The McDonald’s franchise can be taken by any type of persons like individuals i.e. proprietorship, companies, partnership firms etc. The McDonald’s Corporation business model is different from other fast food chains. The other fast food corporations will collect only Franchise fees, supplies, and percentage of sales. But the McDonald’s Corporation collects rent also besides others. The Franchise agreement with McDonald’s indicates that the corporation owns the properties on which most McDonald’s Franchises are located. REFERENCE: 1.http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/mcd_faq/franchising.html 2. http://www.mcfun.com/ 3. www.entrepreneur.com 4.http://www.franchiseprospector.com/franchising-trends/mcdonalds-franchise-profile.php 5. http://www.goldlawgroup.com/McDonalds-Franchises.html    How to cite Mcdonald’s franchisee, Essay examples

Wine and Cheesse an Example by

Wine and Cheesse Most of you can be familiar with wine and cheese as your typical cocktails and horderves. But have you ever really thought of making more inquiry with regards to your wine and cheese? Did you know that there are a lot of trivial things you can find out about the relationship of wine and cheese? Well, first of all cheese is really the natural enemy of wine. This is because of the high-fat content in cheese that leaves a gooey film in our mouths that would make it difficult for us to taste wine. The saltiness in cheese would also highlight our perception of tannin, thus making big red wines taste absurdly dry, clumsy, and unappetizing. Surprising as it may seem salt amplifies the tannin in wine, as much as it amplifies the flavors in food. Need essay sample on "Wine and Cheesse" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Thankfully, there are wines that are made with special powers that help so that we wont encounter these problems. Certain cheeses can partner well with wine of similar taste profiles. One example would be blue cheese and sweet wines. This is because blue cheese is very salty, thus making this salty and sweet combination perfect for each other. Others simply contrast as previously mentioned. An example of this would be creamy cheeses like Brie and Old World Pinot Noi. This is because of the rich, runny texture and nutty flavor of such cheeses has the tendency to be offset by Pinots refreshing acidity and warm fruit flavors. In order to put wine and cheese together, you should be able to find the kind of wine that would be perfect for cheese. That would not be hard to find given that wine is generally put in a dining table to compliment what ever you are eating. As opposed to cheese which an all time snacking favorite. If your wondering what kind of wine would fit cheese well in general, that would be sweet wines. This because sweet wines are extremely low in tannin, sweet wines dont contrast with the goo, and their sweetness is the best possible foil to cheeses characteristic saltiness. There are a wide variety of cheese that we can choose from to satisfy our snacking needs. One would creamy cheeses which as previously mentioned could be seen in Brie, creamy cheeses as mentioned in their name is generally creamy, this is due to their high fat content. Theyre among the most difficult to pair with wine. Another is Goat Cheese. Goat cheese just a bit firmer than creamy cheese. Its usually quite aromatic. Another in the group of cheeses is the Semisoft Cheese. Again from the name itself these cheeses are slightly soft. This is the kind of cheese that is most of the time overlooked in the cheese industry. It is mostly made up of cows and sheeps milk cheeses, they have a nutty richness to them thats fabulous with a number of wines, especially rich whites. We also have hard cheese, a cheese category that blends well with red wine. In case you are still confused on how to pair up your wine and cheese, regional pairings is what you would want to do. Its called regional pairing because you pair up the wine and cheese that was grown and made in the same area. Its the easiest way to pair them up since it has been highly recommended by its producers due to their familiarity with the taste. All in all, you have to learn to trust your instincts after taking into consideration the basic factors in wine and cheese for the most pleasant dining experience with the two diverse elements of food Reference: Courtney Cochran (2007) divine caroline: Bonus Round: Wine and Cheese Retrieved October 28, 2007

Planes, Trains, and...Chariots essays

Planes, Trains, and...Chariots essays Planes, trains, and automobiles: we probably see at least one of these everyday. Could our society function without these invaluable inventions? Could we learn to live without these creations that we take for granted? Probably not. The relationship between our society and technology has become increasingly intertwined. This relationship however began eras ago; as far back as man lifted his first tool. This correlation was strongly evident in Ancient Greece. Its features are drawn out in detail below. The first feature that correlates science with technology in Ancient Greece is there critical intelligence. The Greeks were the first to use this type of deduction. They decided that they shouldnt just accept the way things happen because they just occur that way. They realized that everything needs to be proven with justification. Richard Olson writes They developed formal rules of logical inference and required that mathematical propositions be proved. (Olsen, Page 3) Plato himself challenged the idea of an acceptance of things by looking for naturalistic explanations.(Class notes) The Greeks demonstrated and set the precedence for a theory and way of thought used today by much of western civilization. Another school of thought adopted by much of western civilization is knowledge is power. The Greeks realized that those who would lead the people, be a custodian of the people, must have knowledge of the calculations, not to the degree of the local pheasants, but a knowledge that will drive them to a greater understanding of the world and the worldly things. (Plato, Page 9) This knowledge would be helpful in making the leader more powerful, wiser in leading the people of the state. This is something that is expected from our leaders today. The understanding of the world was at its infancy, but the Greeks made strides to ensure the future advancement of science. ...

Common Anions Table and Formulas List

Common Anions Table and Formulas List An anion is an  ion  that has a negative charge. Here is a table listing common anions and their formulas: Table of Common Anions Simple Anions Formula Hydride H- Oxide O2- Fluoride F- Sulfide S2- Chloride Cl- Nitride N3- Bromide Br- Iodide I- Oxoanions Formula Arsenate AsO43- Phosphate PO43- Arsenite AsO33- Hydrogen Phosphate HPO42- Dihydrogen Phosphate H2PO4- Sulfate SO42- Nitrate NO3- Hydrogen Sulfate HSO4- Nitrite NO2- Thiosulfate S2O32- Sulfite SO32- Perchlorate ClO4- Iodate IO3- Chlorate ClO3- Bromate BrO3- Chlorite ClO2- Hypochlorite OCl- Hypobromite OBr- Carbonate CO32- Chromate CrO42- Hydrogen Carbonate or Bicarbonate HCO3- Dichromate Cr2O72- Anions from Organic Acids Formula Acetate CH3COO- Formate HCOO- Other Anions Formula Cyanide CN- Amide NH2- Cyanate OCN- Peroxide O22- Thiocyanate SCN- Oxalate C2O42- Hydroxide OH- Permanganate MnO4- Writing Formulas of Salts Salts are compounds composed of cations bonded to anions. The resulting compound carries a neutral electrical charge. For example, table salt, or sodium chloride, consists of the Na cation bonded to the Cl- anion to form NaCl. Salts are hygroscopic, or tend to pick up water. This water is called water of hydration. By convention, the cation name and formula are  listed before the anion name and formula. In other words, write the cation on the left and the anion on the right. The formula of a salt is: (cation)m(anion)n ·(#)H2O where the H2O is omitted if the # is zero, m is the oxidation state of the anion, and n is the oxidation state of the anion. If m or n is 1, then no subscript is written in the formula. The name of a salt is given by: (cation)(anion) (prefix)(hydrate) where the hydrate is omitted if there is no water. Prefixes indicate the number of water molecules or can be used in front of the cation and anion names in cases where the cation (usually) can have multiple oxidation states. Common prefixes are: Number Prefix 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca 11 undeca For example, the compound strontium chloride consists of the cation Sr2 combined with the anion Cl-. It is written SrCl2. When the cation and/or the anion is a  polyatomic ion, parentheses may be used to group the atoms in the ion together to write the formula. For example, the salt ammonium sulfate consists of the cation NH4 and the sulfate anion SO42-. The formula of the salt is written as (NH4)2SO4. The compound calcium phosphate consists of the calcium cation Ca2 with the anion PO43- and is written as Ca3(PO4)2. An example of a formula that includes water of hydrate is that of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Note that the name of the salt includes the oxidation state of copper. This is common when dealing with any transition metal or rare earth. The formula is written as CuSO4 ·5H2O. Formulas of Binary Inorganic Compounds Combining cations and anions to form binary inorganic compounds is simple. The same prefixes are applied to indicate the quantities of cation or anion atoms. Examples include the name of water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide, and the name of NO, which is nitrogen dioxide. Cations and Anions in Organic Compounds The rules for naming and writing the formulas of organic compounds are more complex. In general, the name follows the rule: (group prefixes)(longest carbon chain prefix)(highest root bond)(most important group suffix)

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the Essay

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event Industry - Essay Example Sponsorship is not only a tool to help a marketer reach new audiences, but also a marketing technique to enhance brand image. This paper explains the conceptual frameworks and theoretical underpinning of corporate sponsorship in the event industry and illustrates its importance in modern marketing situations. Corporate sponsorship and its significance in today’s marketing environment will be examined with a view to recognize why many companies are spending huge amounts in sponsoring events. Corporate Sponsorship Keillor (2007, P. 242) defined sponsorship as cash or in-kind fee that is paid to a property such as a sports event, entertainment, non-profit event, organization etc in return for accessing to the exploitable commercial opportunities associated with that property. More specifically, a company may sponsor all or a part of the expenditures of sports or other types of events in return to advertise the company. Event sponsorship include athletic events, tennis or golf tou rnament, college or university games and sports, Olympics, art and cultural program, entertainment and festivals etc. Sponsorship is more useful in reminding the public about the product or service or their features, rather than informing or persuading them towards the business. Keillor (2007, P. 242) also pointed that sponsorship involves a fee paid in advance for future potential communication values, but advertising offers a more knowable and more controlled communication. As compared to advertising and sales promotion, that are the major two components of IMC, sponsorship is small, but expenditures on corporate sponsorship is increasing, mainly because many companies are finding the results they expected from the sponsorship. As Shimp (2008, P. 563) observed, brand marketers were estimated to spend $ 40 billion on event sponsorships in 2008. US marketers alone spent approximately $ 15 billion sponsoring in 2008. In 2009, the International Events Group Sponsorship Report estimate d that sponsorship expenditures as $ 45.2 billion (Donovan and Henley, 2010, p. 364). Worldwide expenditures on sponsorship have been increasing for last many years mainly due to that many large companies have found it to be an effective marketing strategy for better communicating the brand messages. Sponsorships: worth the money spent? One of the major criticisms is that sponsorship is merely a money waste. Shimp (2008, p. 567) argued that sponsorship is an enormous money waste and a drain on the marketing budget without well planned, structured and well thought business case as well as financial plan. Often, the expenditures spent on sponsorships with a view to build brand loyalty seems not worth. Many critics also argued that sponsorship arrangement involve little more than managerial or corporate ego trips. Many businesses go for sponsoring sports or other events with a view to meet famous athletes, gain great and luxurious accommodation etc. Sponsorship and expenditures pent fo r it can be justified from the marketing view point if there is a proof that brand equity as targeted could be achieved and financial objectives were met as planned. Sponsorship may not be an effective brand communication strategy for a start up business, small scale marketer, newly launched business etc, since these marketers are not already established, but sponsorship

Business patents report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business patents report - Essay Example Following suit, other companies in the software segment are beginning to analyze their innovative intellectual properties for opportunities to exploit their unique technology developments and thus gain market share. Seeking patent protection on this business’ new software will restrict market entry from other software companies looking for B2B information technology solutions market potential. The main issue with attaining a patent is the litigation risk of not performing an adequate patent clearance search to identify software in our market already holding patent protections. The recent course case involving Apple and Samsung has set a business precedent for the high financial costs of accidentally duplicating various icons or display features in the development process. However, this business can offset these risks by assigning a patent clearance team to conduct appropriate external research to ensure development does not infringe on intellectual property protections. Patent protectionism will provide for licensing in the event that the business is unable to secure high volume of market interest post-launch. It is more likely that this business will be able to attain venture capitalist interest in financial investment, which will offset development and patent clearance costs, by minimizing litigation risks or competitor replication of the

Environmental challenges of the airline industry

Environmental challenges of the airline industry The airline industry has to face one of its biggest challenges yet, in a world today of global recession, global warming and increasing shortages of raw materials. These factors as well as other challenges included in the analysis of the marketing environment of Aer Arann will be explained, so that to analyse how it can succeed and survive among its competitors. PESTEL: Political The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is a step to face climate change and it aims to control industrial greenhouse gas emissions. It was launched in 2005 and it imposes a limit on the total amount of gas emissions that a factory or other systems are allowed to have. So companies can receive emission allowances which they may sell or buy when it is needed. The Airline industry will join the scheme in 2012 since it contributes increasingly to climate change. Emissions in this industry were increased by 100% from 1990 to 2006 (www.ec.europa.eu, 22/11/2010). This situation creates a long-term challenge for Aer Arann, because their costs will increase. Fortunately in 2006 Aer Arann made a purchase of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬180 million for ten new ATR 72-500 aircraft which are environmentally friendly since they have lower emissions of CO2, because of reduced fuel burn. They use up to 70% less fuel than other jets travelling the same routes. However they will still have to comply to the new em issions regulation so their costs will increase (www.aerarann.com, 22/11/2010). Garry Cullen, Managing Director stated: Aer Arann is committed to the principles of energy efficiency. Whilst the contribution of the aviation industry towards global warming is significantly less than other large polluters, our new ATR aircraft are recognised as the most fuel efficient aircraft in their category, emitting 20% less CO2 per passenger-km than newer jets. The ATR operates more efficiently than jet aircraft on short-haul routes (www.aerarann.com, 22/11/2010). Economic During the economic crisis customers do not travel so often whether it is for leisure or business so the demand falls. Aer Aranns passenger numbers went down by 20% in 2008 and that is why they announced 20% sale at that time even though a few months earlier they had carried a record number of passengers (www.aerarann.com, 23/11/2010). The subject of the annual general meeting of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in Berlin 2010 was that Airlines look to overcome industry turbulence and cope with an oil price spike, a big drop in passenger numbers due to the global downturn and the volcanic ash cloud recently in Europe. Despite all these negative factors, IATAs latest figures show that global air traffic is back at the levels it was before the recession started. However profit margins for airlines are still tight (www.bbc.co.uk, 23/11/2010). Article reporter states: Northern Ireland has become one of the fiercest battlegrounds in the cut-price flight business. Budget airlines argue that the recession could actually be helpful for them in the long term for the reason that business travellers would switch to low-fares carriers (www.bbc.co.uk. 23/11/2010). Exchange rate variations can affect demand for air transport because customers will prefer to purchase a ticket when the rate will be better for them. Aer Arann operates a route from LOrient to the UK so it is significantly affected as pound to euro currency can change. Much of the initial growth and success of the company is due to the fact that Aer Arann has a competitive advantage among its competitors. Much of this development is due to the company being awarded Public Service Obligation (PSO) routes by the government (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). PSO routes are given by the government to the airline to create access to and from specific regions which were not supported by commercially operated services (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). The PSO routes are aiming to encourage tourism and business travellers to access these regions by air and not only with other means of transport. When an airline is awarded with a PSO route it has exclusivity on it for three years, so it is a good source of profit. Aer Arann gained almost à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬18.5 million from PSO routes in the past (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). Aer Arann was awarded by the Irish Government to operate in Ireland nationally, from Dublin to Galway, Sligo, Donegal and Kerry (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). Some of thes e locations are airports with shorter runways and this is an advantage for Aer Arann because of the small aircraft it operates. However PSO routes are awarded for three years only so Aer Arann should not be based on them on the longer term. There is not so much competition in PSO routes from other airlines when they do not have permission from the government except Loganair which operates some of the PSO routes in Ireland. Socio-cultural The airline industry as we know from the past can be affected negatively by global socio-cultural factors such as diseases and terrorism attacks. Some of them are the SARS, swine flu, terrorism attacks in London and September 11th in New York (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). For these reasons Airline companies and airports worldwide were challenged to evolve their policies and procedures and spent further costs and time in the safety of the customers (www.ehow.com, 24/11/2010). The other aspect of socio-cultural factors affecting the airline industry has to do with trends, social structure, income and the culture in general of the customers. For example each individual will act in accordance with his/her social and geographical space and travel where friends will travel or where it is the best option for that season. So as the society changes, so must the airline industry if it intends to succeed. Technological Technology had a huge impact on consumers lives and companies profits. Technological evolution can offer opportunities for new product development and threats to existing markets. So marketing now is conducted differently because internet technology has allowed companies to communicate with the customers and distribute their product differently and more efficiently. This is called digital marketing (D.Jobber, 2007, p.67). In the case of Aer Arann the new product development is the online booking system they had launched successfully in 2006 and the threatened existing market are the travel agents. Online bookings are currently 80% of all Aer Arann sales (www.aerarann.com, 24/11/2010). Micheal OCallarain, Marketing Manager, Aer Arann said: We are continually looking at ways to enhance our service and believe that this new online functionality will prove invaluable to many of our passengers (www.aerarann.com, 24/11/2010). On the other hand it is not always a positive aspect because now consumers are more informed and have more access to information with a wider choice of airlines to choose from, so the airlines should lower their prices in order to compete with each other. Environmental One of the most important environmental factors concerning the world nowadays is global warming and climate change caused by greenhouse gases and this is why EU ETS exists. As every form of industry in the world has to consider this and comply with the emissions regulations so as the airline industry has to do it, at extra costs because it contributes to the air pollution (www.ec.europa.eu, 24/11/2010). Other physical environmental factors have affected the UK, the worldwide economy and especially airlines. The eruption of the Icelandic volcano a few months ago with the biggest ash cloud over Europe caused disruption for thousands of travellers in Europe and rest of the world (www.bbc.co.uk, 24/11/2010). At that time most of the EU countries were not allowed to operate any flights, so the effect on costs of the airlines was huge (www.bbc.co.uk, 24/11/2010). Met Office issued severe weather warnings for icy roads and snow for central and eastern Scotland and eastern parts of Northern Ireland these days. Several flights have been cancelled in the north of England after more heavy snowfall and Durham Tees Valley Airport and Newcastle Airport were closed (www.bbc.co.uk, 29/11/2010). The increasing shortages of raw material, specifically oil is another environmental factor which is not in favour of Aer Arann. Oil is a non-renewable source and it is impossible for most industries to exist without it. Fluctuations in oil prices happen all the time depending on different factors, therefore an increase in price will mean that Aer Arann should be prepared for it in the long run, unless a contract with its supplier is signed which will state a standard price for a long time. However a positive aspect to this factor is that Aer Arann is operating the ten new ATR 72-500 aircraft which are much more economical and need less fuel than other jets. So an increase in prices will affect more other airlines and less Aer Arann. It is worth mentioning here the economic situation in Ireland since Aer Arann is an Irish Carrier and it is affected. Reuters states that oil increased to a two-week high after the European Union approved a rescue plan for Ireland. Oil lost its upward cha nge after rising for two weeks as the rescue plan for Ireland failed to calm the concerns about the health of other EU members (www.reuters.com, 29/11/2010). Legal The government has increased taxation of the airline industry. The Independent states that the increase in 2010 of Air Passenger Duty (APD) will make family holidays unaffordable for many (www.independent.co.uk, 27/11/2010). It certainly has to be the last time that the travelling public faces APD rises. Some also suggest replacing APD with a per-plane tax, so customers could choose between airlines but not all the travel industry will agree on this. From the 1st of November 2010 passengers will have to pay for APD a percentage increase from 9% up to 55% depending on how many miles they are travelling in contrast with last year (www.independent.co.uk, 27/11/2010). This is why in such economic situations people prefer to travel by car, bus or train to closer locations for holidays rather than by plane so airline industries are concerned (www.bbc.co.uk, 29/11/2010). Aer Arann ´s customers will have to face these new taxes but these shouldn ´t cause high price rise because Aer Arann is a regional airline which operates in the UK, Ireland and some routes from LOrient. So its customers will not have to worry for APD up to 55% since they do not travel so many miles. PORTER ´S FIVE FORCES Threat of Entry Existing airlines such as Aer Arann are not concerned so much about new entries in the airline industry but are more concerned with the existing competition they have from similar types of airlines operating the same routes and have similar prices. In the airline industry there is not so much thread of new airlines since the costs for new entries are huge. The required initial capital is massive, professional experience in this field is required, operation costs are huge and the assets and financing will cost a lot as well. Furthermore airline companies need to comply with EU and International regulations and they need approval for flight operations. Threat of substitutes The more actual or potential substitutes exist for the product, the more unattractive the segment is (Kotler, 2009, p.305). Aer Arann does not only compete with other airlines but also with other modes of transport since it is a regional airline. These substitutes for air transport are road, rail, bus and ferry (D.Jobber, 2007, p.69). These substitutes affect the prices that Aer Arann offers and its profits. The advantage of air travelling is that it is much faster, although increased delays at airports due to safety precautions and air traffic control delays have lengthened the time needed. These substitutes may need more time to arrive to each destination but they cost much less and this is why Aer Arann has so low prices and makes offers and discounts. Business travellers are more likely to choose the airline transportation since they have to get to their destination quickly and they do not always worry about the extra cost because their companies may pay for it. Leisure traveller s are more likely to choose the other modes of transport since they are cheaper or they might want to enjoy the journey. Bargaining power of buyers A product or service becomes unattractive when buyers have strong bargaining power. This power becomes stronger when buyers are better informed so they are more selective, when switching costs are low, or when buyers are price sensitive because of the recession. The way they become more organised is the internet, so the best option for AerArann is to make superior offers (Kotler, 2009, p.305). Buyer power in PSO routes is not so strong because Aer Arann was awarded four out of six PSO routes in Ireland. However there is competition in commercial routes by Ryanair and Loganair. This is where buyer power is high because switching costs are not much or even in some cases Rynairs prices are lower. For example the ticket price from Aer Arann for the 1st of December 2010 to travel from Dublin to Edinburgh costs  £139.99 but from Ryanair costs only  £44.99 same day, same route (www.ryanair.com, www.aerarann.com, 29/11/2010). Bargaining power of suppliers The threat from bargaining power of suppliers is high for Aer Arann. Suppliers are becoming more powerful since there are few or no substitutes at all and the product is an important input. The product in the case of Aer Arann if fuel which is an absolute necessity for airlines. Aer Arann has to deal with unstable prices because of the limited amount of oil reserves. The best way to face this problem is to have good relationships with the suppliers and sign a contract with them for a certain period of time at a reasonable price so that Aer Arann will not be affected when oil prices are increased again. Airports are also considered as a high power supplier. Aer Arann has to face increasing charges from the airports is operates. These charges include runway movement charge, aircraft parking, air bridge use and passenger charge. Dublin Airport and Shannon Airport are considering increases in charges (www.dublinairport.com, www.airportcharges.com, 29/11/2010). Aer Arann should create trustworthy relationships together with the airports and this is why a five-year deal was announced with Southend Airport (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 29/11/2010) Competitive Rivalry Competitive rivalry is a challenge that Aer Arann has to consider in order to succeed. There is not much competition on PSO routes except from Loganair which operates two PSO routes. On the commercially operated routes there is a lot of competition mainly from Ryanair, Aer Lingus and British Airways. However Aer Arann and Aer Lingus have announced a franchise agreement between them for specific routes (www.aerarann.com, 28/11/2010). Aer Arann is known as one of the fastest-growing regional airlines in Europe because of the strategy it follows and the competitive advantage it has (D.Jobber, 2007, p.66). The strategy of the company includes no chech-in fees, lowest check-in time in Ireland, allocated seating and direct flight to where customers want (www.aerarann.com, 28/11/2010). A disadvantage emerging from the competition is that Ryanair is considered a leading low cost operator and this is justified by some lower cost offers than Aer Arann so it is a big challenge. However Ryanair operates larger types of aircraft so they are not able to use shorter runways as Aer Arann and Ryanair will have to spend much more for emission allowances. (2) What marketing recommendations would you make to Aer Arann in order for it to enjoy sustained and ongoing commercial success? One of the most important aspects and key factors for the success of Aer Arann is the leadership and governance structure. Through the development of an excellent leadership the company is guaranteed to go the right way in the future. The experience and capabilities of employees are ingredients to the successful running of the business. Quality in the management of the company is crucial in order to face the challenges of the future, to make the right decisions when required and most importantly to push the business forward rather than let it fall down to the bottom when harsh situations arise. Another suggestion which also has to do with the companys actors, concerns the right selection of employees. The companys employees can be described as valuable assets because they affect directly the good will and reputation of the company. The relationship between customers and employees is very important in order to achieve long-term and repetitive sales and therefore profit maximization. Therefore, careful selection of the staff is required and qualifications such as professionalism, willingness, friendliness and courteousness, should be fundamental criteria. The promotion of Aer Arann through the various travelling and business magazines is another suggestion to boost the performance of the business. A range of marketing strategies such as special offers, discounts and awards can be promoted on the website of the company, in order to attract the attention of the customers. For example, to make the company well-known through internet advertisements, online social networks and Google. Aer Araan should seek for the best supplier option and build good relationships with them. If the company enters into a contract with its fuel supplier for supplying them with fuel for an agreed price over a certain period, then the company will be able to save costs from the rising prices for fuel. Also, another important idea for Aer Arann, will be to watch carefully the activities of their competitors in order to be prepared for their strategies. By keeping an eye on the progression of other companies, will help them not only to predict but also to compete with their activities. For example, Rynairs low-cost fares offers during selected days of the week will be a good starting point to be replicated. Furthermore, the creation of a loyal customer award scheme is another strategic proposal for the company. It will work on the basis of collecting points when buying a ticket and after a completion of a certain amount of points the customer will be able to exchange those points with a free ticket or a discount on a ticket. By applying this scheme, the company will attract more customers and also will secure returning customers. In the field of the corporate social responsibility of the company, there is a proposal to associate itself with green activities. The awareness of our society for the environment has increased significantly over the past decades and any kind of help from the company would be appreciated by the customers and the society as a whole. For example, short-term campaigns that will donate a small amount from the price of the ticket for environmental purposes can be organised periodically. This will significantly help to improve companys reputation. Another idea that the company can adopt, is the involvement with the sports teams of the country. Aer Arann can attempt a partnership with sports teams in Ireland or the UK and be the exclusive airline for these teams. Also they can be sponsors of important sports events and teams in order to promote the company and strengthen their reputation. Finally, the company is suggested to assess which routes are more profitable and minimize the number of flights which are less profitable and even suspend those which are non-profitable. Moreover, the company in order to be able to develop and produce what customers demand, is suggested to carry out some customer-satisfaction and evaluation researches which will be focusing on aspects such as customer satisfaction, services assessment, opinion about the prices. Then the company will be able to improve any weaknesses.

Impacts of Business Environment Change Essay

IP/MIP techniques have been used most often to aid supply chain configuration decisions and there have been many successful applications [9]. Two recent articles [9; 11] made comprehensive reviews about facility location models relevant to global manufacturing operations. This review section focuses on optimization models which are closely related with impacts of business environment cost parameters on the design of manufacturing networks. Cohen and Lee [12] developed a MIP model for a global manufacturing and distribution network. It demonstrated significant impacts of changes in the foreign exchange rate. Cohen and Moon [13] used a MIP model to analyze impacts of changes in a firm’s cost environment. It was found that scale economies, scope economies, and transportation costs could alter optimal facility network design strategies. Vidal and Goetschalckx [14] analyzed impacts of uncertainties on global supply chains through a MIP model. Foreign exchange rate was identified to be influential on global supply chain configurations. Using a two-stage optimization model, Kulkarni et al. [15] evaluated trade-offs between risk pooling and logistics costs in a multi-plant network with commonality. Their analyses showed that impacts of operational cost parameters may be significant and non-intuitive. All these models suggested that cost parameters have significant impacts on manufacturing facility location decisions, and may even alter supply chain configuration strategies. However, they only considered a single objective of profits or costs. The consideration of both costs and responsiveness was seen in the reconfiguration of global manufacturing and distribution network at Digital Equipment Corporation. It used a bi-objective model to minimize total costs and activity days. The model was implemented successfully with savings over $100 million [10]. However, the application did not explore impacts of changes in cost parameters. Overall, there is a lack of using a bi-objective approach to analyze impacts of business environment changes on the configuration of GMNs.

Marriage Is An Institution That Is Important - 1455 Words

Marriage is an institution that is very sacred to many people in the world as well as an old institution. Therefore ideas about marriage have changed throughout the years as well as ideas about sex and gender, for these concepts have been notoriously linked and effect one another’s evolution. The Eighteenth Century marked a period of changing attitudes of marriage and therefore sex and gender. For centuries before this period, the Catholic Church dominated the domain of marriage, controlling the sex lives and gender roles that existed within this institution. The accepted idea was that marriage was only intended for reproduction purposes and to insure the continuation of the gender roles of society. Women needed marriage to have a place in society to be financially supported. It also was not acceptable for sex to exist outside marriage, as it was viewed as sinful, with its only purposed being viewed for reproduction. 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